Bugün öğrendim ki: Şair Lefkadio Hearn, hayatının erken dönemlerinde önce babası, sonra annesi tarafından terk edilmiş ve büyük teyzesi tarafından evlat edinilmiştir. Sonunda teyzesi de onu terk etmiş ve eski hizmetçilerinden biriyle yaşamaya göndermiştir.
Yazar ve çevirmen (1850–1904)
Bu kişisel ismin ana dili formu Koizumi Yakumo'dur. Bu makale, kişilerden bahsederken Batı isim sırasını kullanmaktadır.
Yakumo Koizumi (小泉 八雲; doğdu Patrick Lafcadio Hearn;[a] 27 Haziran 1850 – 26 Eylül 1904), Batı dünyasına Japon kültürünü ve edebiyatını tanıtan Yunan bir yazar, çevirmen ve öğretmendi.[1] Yazıları, özellikle Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things gibi efsane ve hayalet öykülerinden oluşan koleksiyonlarında Japon kültürüne benzeri görülmemiş bir bakış açısı sundu. Japonya'ya taşınmadan ve Japon vatandaşı olmadan önce, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde, öncelikle Cincinnati ve New Orleans'ta gazeteci olarak çalıştı. On yıl kaldığı New Orleans hakkındaki yazıları da oldukça ünlüdür. Orleans Parish'teki evi, Ulusal Tarihi Yerler Siciline kaydedilmiştir ve Lafcadio Hearn Anma Müzesi Japonya'dadır.
Hearn, Yunanistan'ın Lefkada adasında doğdu, ancak daha sonra annesi, babası ve nihayetinde resmi vasisi olarak atanan babasının teyzesi tarafından terk edildiği Dublin'e taşındı. 19 yaşında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne göç etti ve burada önce Cincinnati'de, daha sonra New Orleans'ta gazete muhabiri olarak çalışmaya başladı. Oradan, iki yıl kaldığı Fransız Batı Hint Adaları'na muhabir olarak gönderildi ve daha sonra 1890'da hayatının geri kalanını geçireceği Japonya'ya gitti.
Japonya'da Hearn, dört çocuğu olan Koizumi Setsuko ile evlendi. Japonya hakkındaki yazıları, Batı dünyasına hala büyük ölçüde yabancı olan bir kültüre daha büyük bir bakış açısı sundu.
Biyografi
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Erken yaşam
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Patrick Lafcadio Hearn, 27 Haziran 1850'de İyon Adaları Birleşik Devletleri'nin bir parçası olan, şu anda Yunanistan'ın bir parçası olan İyon Adası Lefkada'da doğdu.[2] Annesi, Yunanistan'ın Kythera adasının yerlisi Yunan bir kadın olan Rosa Cassimati'ydi,[3] babası ise İrlanda ve İngiliz kökenli İngiliz Ordusu tıp subayı İkinci Sınıf Çavuş Charles Bush Hearn'dı.[3][4] İyon Adaları Birleşik Devletleri'nin İngiliz koruyuculuğu sırasında Lefkada'da görev yapıyordu. Lafcadio, hayatı boyunca Yunan kanıyla övündü ve Yunanistan'a tutkulu bir bağ hissetti.[5][6] Yunan Ortodoks Kilisesi'nde Patrikios Lefcadios Hearn (Yunanca: Πατρίκιος Λευκάδιος Χερν) olarak vaftiz edildi, ancak İngilizce olarak "Patrick Lefcadio Kassimati Charles Hearn" olarak anıldığı görülüyor; orta adı "Lafcadio", doğduğu adanın onuruna verildi.[7] Hearn'ın ailesi, annesinin Hearn'ın ağabeyi George Robert Hearn'ı 24 Temmuz 1849'da doğurmasından birkaç ay sonra, 25 Kasım 1849'da bir Yunan Ortodoks töreniyle evlendi. George, Lafcadio'nun doğumundan iki ay sonra 17 Ağustos 1850'de öldü.[8]
İrlanda'ya göç ve terk edilme
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Hearn'ın babası Charles, 1850'de Lefkada'dan İngiliz Batı Hint Adaları'na yeniden atandı. Ailesi evliliği onaylamadığı ve ilişkisinin kariyer beklentilerine zarar verebileceğinden endişelendiği için Charles, üstlerine oğlu veya hamile karısından bahsetmedi ve ailesini geride bıraktı. 1852'de oğlunu ve karısını soğuk bir karşılama aldıkları Dublin'deki ailesiyle yaşamak üzere göndermeyi ayarladı. Charles'ın Protestan annesi Elizabeth Holmes Hearn, Rosa'nın Yunan Ortodoks görüşlerini ve eğitimsiz olmasını kabul etmekte zorlandı; Rosa okuma yazma bilmiyordu ve İngilizce konuşmuyordu. Rosa, yabancı bir kültüre ve kocasının ailesinin Protestanlığına uyum sağlamakta zorlandı ve sonunda Katolikliğe geçen dul bir kadın olan Elizabeth'in kız kardeşi Sarah Holmes Brenane'nin kanatları altına girdi.
Sarah'ın çabalarına rağmen Rosa özlem çekiyordu. Kocası 1853'te sağlık izniyle İrlanda'ya döndüğünde, çiftin arasının açıldığı anlaşıldı. Charles Hearn, hamile karısını ve çocuğunu İrlanda'da bırakarak tekrar Kırım Yarımadası'na atandı. 1856'da ağır yaralı ve travmatize bir şekilde geri döndüğünde, Rosa üçüncü oğulları Daniel James Hearn'ı doğurduğu Cerigo (Kythera) adasına dönmüştü. Lafcadio, Sarah Brenane'nin bakımında kalmıştı.
Charles, Rosa'nın evlilik sözleşmesini imzalamadığı gerekçesiyle, İngiliz yasalarına göre geçersiz kılan evliliğin iptal edilmesini istedi. İptalden haberdar edildikten sonra Rosa hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen 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hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen hemen mesmos como
The native form of this personal name is Koizumi Yakumo. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.
Yakumo Koizumi (小泉 八雲; born Patrick Lafcadio Hearn;[a] 27 June 1850 – 26 September 1904) was a Greek writer, translator, and teacher who introduced the culture and literature of Japan to the Western world.[1] His writings offered unprecedented insight into Japanese culture, especially his collections of legends and ghost stories, such as Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things. Before moving to Japan and becoming a Japanese citizen, he worked as a journalist in the United States, primarily in Cincinnati and New Orleans. His writings about New Orleans, based on his decade-long stay there, are also well-known. His home in Orleans Parish is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the Lafcadio Hearn Memorial Museum is in Japan.
Hearn was born on the Greek island of Lefkada but moved to Dublin, where he was abandoned first by his mother, then his father, and finally by his father's aunt (who had been appointed his official guardian). At the age of 19, he emigrated to the United States, where he found work as a newspaper reporter, first in Cincinnati and later in New Orleans. From there, he was sent as a correspondent to the French West Indies, where he stayed for two years, and then in 1890 to Japan, where he would remain for the rest of his life.
In Japan, Hearn married Koizumi Setsuko, with whom he had four children. His writings about Japan offered the Western world greater insight into a still largely unfamiliar culture.
Biography
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Early life
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Patrick Lafcadio Hearn was born on 27 June 1850 on the Ionian Island of Lefkada, then part of a British protectorate, the United States of the Ionian Islands, now part of Greece.[2] His mother was a Greek named Rosa Cassimati, a native of the Greek island of Kythera,[3] while his father, Staff Surgeon of the Second Class Charles Bush Hearn, a British Army medical officer, was of Irish and English descent,[3][4] who was stationed in Lefkada during the British protectorate of the United States of the Ionian Islands. Throughout his life, Lafcadio boasted of his Greek blood and felt a passionate connection to Greece.[5][6] He was baptized Patrikios Lefcadios Hearn (Greek: Πατρίκιος Λευκάδιος Χερν) in the Greek Orthodox Church, but he seems to have been called "Patrick Lefcadio Kassimati Charles Hearn" in English; the middle name "Lafcadio" was given to him in honour of the island where he was born.[7] Hearn's parents were married in a Greek Orthodox ceremony on 25 November 1849, several months after his mother had given birth to Hearn's older brother, George Robert Hearn, on 24 July 1849. George died on 17 August 1850, two months after Lafcadio's birth.[8]
Emigration to Ireland and abandonment
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Hearn's father Charles in 1850 was reassigned from Lefkada to the British West Indies. Since his family did not approve of the marriage, and because he was worried that his relationship might harm his career prospects, Charles did not inform his superiors of his son or pregnant wife and left his family behind. In 1852, he arranged to send his son and wife to live with his family in Dublin, where they received a cool reception. Charles's Protestant mother, Elizabeth Holmes Hearn, had difficulty accepting Rosa's Greek Orthodox views and lack of education; she was illiterate and spoke no English. Rosa found it difficult to adapt to a foreign culture and the Protestantism of her husband's family, and was eventually taken under the wing of Elizabeth's sister, Sarah Holmes Brenane, a widow who had converted to Catholicism.
Despite Sarah's efforts, Rosa suffered from homesickness. When her husband returned to Ireland on medical leave in 1853, it became clear that the couple had become estranged. Charles Hearn was assigned to the Crimean Peninsula, again leaving his pregnant wife and child in Ireland. When he came back in 1856, severely wounded and traumatized, Rosa had returned to her home island of Cerigo (Kythera), where she gave birth to their third son, Daniel James Hearn. Lafcadio had been left in the care of Sarah Brenane.
Charles petitioned to have the marriage with Rosa annulled, on the grounds that she had not signed their marriage contract, which made it invalid under English law. After being informed of the annulment, Rosa almost immediately married Giovanni Cavallini, a Greek citizen of Italian ancestry, who was later appointed by the British as governor of Cerigotto (Antikythera). Cavallini required as a condition of the marriage that Rosa give up custody of both sons. As a result, James was sent to his father in Dublin while Lafcadio remained in the care of his great-aunt, Sarah Brenane, who had disinherited Charles because of the annulment. Neither Lafcadio nor James ever again saw their mother, who had four children with her second husband. Rosa was eventually committed to the National Mental Asylum on Corfu, where she died in 1882.[9]
Charles Hearn, who had left Lafcadio in the care of Sarah Brenane for the past four years, now appointed her as Lafcadio's permanent guardian. He married his childhood sweetheart, Alicia Goslin, in July 1857, and left with his new wife for a posting in Secunderabad, a city in India, where they had three daughters prior to Alicia's death in 1861.[10] Lafcadio never saw his father again: Charles Hearn died of malaria in the Gulf of Suez in 1866.[11]
In 1857, at age seven and despite the fact that both his parents were still alive, Hearn became the permanent ward of Sarah Brenane. She divided her residency between Dublin in the winter months, and her husband's estate at Tramore, County Waterford, on the southern Irish coast, and a house at Bangor in North Wales. Brenane engaged a tutor during the school year to provide Hearn with basic instruction and the rudiments of Catholic dogma. Hearn began exploring Brenane's library and read extensively in Greek literature, especially myths.[12]
Catholic education and more abandonment
[edit]
In 1861, his great-aunt, aware that Hearn was turning away from Catholicism and at the urging of Henry Hearn Molyneux, a relative of her late husband, he was sent to a Catholic college in France, but was disgusted with the life and gave up the Roman Catholic faith. He became fluent in French and would later translate into English the works of Guy de Maupassant and Gustave Flaubert.
In 1863, again at the suggestion of Molyneux, Hearn was enrolled at St Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, a Catholic seminary in County Durham, England. In this environment, Hearn adopted the nickname "Paddy" to try to fit in better, and was the top student in English composition for three years.[13] At age 16, while at Ushaw, Hearn injured his left eye. The eye became infected and, despite consultations with specialists in Dublin and London, and a year spent out of school convalescing, the eye went blind. Hearn also suffered from severe myopia, so his injury left him permanently with poor vision, requiring him to carry a magnifying glass for close work and a pocket telescope to see anything beyond a short distance. Hearn avoided eyeglasses, believing they would weaken his vision further. The iris was permanently discoloured, and left Hearn self-conscious about his appearance for the rest of his life, causing him to cover his left eye while conversing and always posing for the camera in profile so that the left eye was not visible.[14]
In 1867, Henry Molyneux, who had become Sarah Brenane's financial manager, went bankrupt, along with Brenane. As there was no money for tuition, Hearn was sent to London's East End to live with Brenane's former maid. She and her husband had little time or money for Hearn, who wandered the streets, spent time in workhouses, and generally lived an aimless, rootless existence. His main intellectual activities consisted of visits to libraries and the British Museum.[15]
Immigration to Cincinnati
[edit]
By 1869, Henry Molyneux had recovered some financial stability and Brenane, now 75, was infirm. Resolving to end his financial obligations to the 19-year-old Hearn, he purchased a one-way ticket to New York and instructed the young man to find his way to Cincinnati, where he could locate Molyneux's sister and her husband, Thomas Cullinan, and obtain their assistance in making a living. Upon meeting Hearn in Cincinnati, however, it became clear that the family wanted little to do with him: Cullinan all but threw him out into the streets with only $5 in his pocket. As Hearn would later write, "I was dropped moneyless on the pavement of an American city to begin life."[16]
For a time, he was impoverished, living in stables or store rooms in exchange for menial labor.[17] He eventually befriended the English printer and communalist Henry Watkin, who employed him in his printing business, helped find him various odd jobs, lent him books from his library, including utopianists Charles Fourier, Hepworth Dixon and John Humphrey Noyes, and gave Hearn a nickname which stuck with him for the rest of his life, the Raven, from the Edgar Allan Poe poem. Hearn also frequented the Cincinnati Public Library, which at that time had an estimated 50,000 volumes. In the spring of 1871 a letter from Henry Molyneux informed him of Sarah Brenane's death and Molyneux's appointment as sole executor. Despite Brenane having named him as the beneficiary of an annuity when she became his guardian, Hearn received nothing from the estate and never heard from Molyneux again.[18]
Newspaper and literary work
[edit]
By the strength of his talent as a writer, Hearn obtained a job as a reporter for the Cincinnati Daily Enquirer, working for the newspaper from 1872 to 1875. Writing with creative freedom in one of Cincinnati's largest circulating newspapers, he became known for his lurid accounts of local murders, developing a reputation as the paper's premier sensational journalist, as well as the author of sensitive accounts of some of the disadvantaged people of Cincinnati. The Library of America selected one of these murder accounts, Gibbeted, for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American True Crime, published in 2008.[19] After one of his murder stories, the Tanyard Murder, had run for several months in 1874, Hearn established his reputation as Cincinnati's most audacious journalist, and the Enquirer raised his salary from $10 to $25 per week.[20]
In 1874, Hearn and the young Henry Farny, later a renowned painter of the American West, wrote, illustrated, and published an 8-page weekly journal of art, literature and satire entitled Ye Giglampz. The Cincinnati Public Library reprinted a facsimile of all nine issues in 1983.[21] The work was considered by a 20th-century critic to be "Perhaps the most fascinating sustained project he undertook as an editor."[22]
Marriage and firing by the Enquirer
[edit]
On 14 June 1874, Hearn, aged 23, married Alethea ("Mattie") Foley, a 20-year-old African American woman, and former slave, an action in violation of Ohio's anti-miscegenation law at that time. In August 1875, in response to complaints from a local clergyman about his anti-religious views and pressure from local politicians embarrassed by some of his satirical writing in Ye Giglampz, the Enquirer fired him, citing as its reason his illegal marriage. He went to work for the rival newspaper The Cincinnati Commercial. The Enquirer offered to re-hire him after his stories began appearing in the Commercial and its circulation began increasing, but Hearn, incensed at the paper's behavior, refused. Hearn and Foley separated, but attempted reconciliation several times before divorcing in 1877. Foley remarried in 1880.[23][24] While working for the Commercial he championed the case of Henrietta Wood, a former slave who won a major reparations case.[25]
While working for the Commercial Hearn agreed to be carried to the top of Cincinnati's tallest building on the back of a famous steeplejack, Joseph Roderiguez Weston, and wrote a half-terrified, half-comic account of the experience. Hearn wrote a series of accounts of the Bucktown and Levee neighborhoods of Cincinnati, "...one of the few depictions we have of black life in a border city during the post-Civil War period."[26] He also wrote about local black song lyrics from the era, including a song titled "Shiloh" that was dedicated to a Bucktown resident named "Limber Jim."[27] In addition, Hearn had printed in the Commercial a stanza he had overheard when listening to the songs of the roustabouts, working on the city's levee waterfront. Similar stanzas were recorded in song by Julius Daniels in 1926 and Tommy McClennan in his version of "Bottle Up and Go" (1939).[28]
Move to New Orleans
[edit]
During the autumn of 1877, recently divorced from Mattie Foley and restless, Hearn had begun neglecting his newspaper work in favor of translating works by the French author Théophile Gautier into English. He had grown disenchanted with Cincinnati, writing to Henry Watkin, "It is time for a fellow to get out of Cincinnati when they begin to call it the Paris of America." With the support of Watkin and Cincinnati Commercial publisher Murat Halstead, Hearn left Cincinnati for New Orleans, where he initially wrote dispatches on the "Gateway to the Tropics" for the Commercial.
Hearn lived in New Orleans for nearly a decade, writing first for the newspaper Daily City Item beginning in June 1878, and later for the Times Democrat. Since the Item was a 4-page publication, Hearn's editorial work changed the character of the newspaper dramatically. He began at the Item as a news editor, expanding to include book reviews of Bret Harte and Émile Zola, summaries of pieces in national magazines such as Harper's, and editorial pieces introducing Buddhism and Sanskrit writings. As editor, Hearn created and published nearly two hundred woodcuts of daily life and people in New Orleans, making the Item the first Southern newspaper to introduce cartoons and giving the paper an immediate boost in circulation. Hearn gave up carving the woodcuts after six months when he found the strain was too great for his eye.[29]
At the end of 1881, Hearn took an editorial position with the New Orleans Times Democrat and was employed translating items from French and Spanish newspapers as well as writing editorials and cultural reviews on topics of his choice. He also continued his work translating French authors into English: Gérard de Nerval, Anatole France, and most notably Pierre Loti, an author who influenced Hearn's own writing style.[30] Milton Bronner, who edited Hearn's letters to Henry Watkin, wrote: "[T]he Hearn of New Orleans was the father of the Hearn of the West Indies and of Japan," and this view was endorsed by Norman Foerster.[31] During his tenure at the Times Democrat, Hearn developed a friendship with editor Page Baker, who went on to champion Hearn's literary career; their correspondence is archived at the Loyola University New Orleans Special Collections & Archives.[32]
The vast number of his writings about New Orleans and its environs, many of which have not been collected, include the city's Creole population and distinctive cuisine, the French Opera, and Louisiana Voodoo. Hearn wrote enthusiastically of New Orleans, but also wrote of the city's decay, "a dead bride crowned with orange flowers".[33]
Hearn's writings for national publications, such as Harper's Weekly and Scribner's Magazine, helped create the popular reputation of New Orleans as a place with a distinctive culture more akin to that of Europe and the Caribbean than to the rest of North America. Hearn's best-known Louisiana works include:
Gombo zhèbes: Little dictionary of Creole proverbs (1885)
La Cuisine Créole (1885), a collection of culinary recipes from leading chefs and noted Creole housewives who helped make New Orleans famous for its cuisine
Chita: A Memory of Last Island (1889), a novella based on the hurricane of 1856 first published in Harper's Monthly in 1888
Hearn published in Harper's Weekly the first known written article (1883) about Filipinos in the United States, the Manilamen or Tagalogs, one of whose villages he had visited at Saint Malo, southeast of Lake Borgne in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana.
At the time he lived there, Hearn was little known, and even now he is little known for his writing about New Orleans, except by local cultural devotees. However, more books have been written about him than any former resident of New Orleans except Louis Armstrong.[34]
Hearn's writings for the New Orleans newspapers included impressionistic descriptions of places and characters and many editorials denouncing political corruption, street crime, violence, intolerance, and the failures of public health and hygiene officials. Despite the fact that he is credited with "inventing" New Orleans as an exotic and mysterious place, his obituaries of the vodou leaders Marie Laveau and Doctor John Montenet are matter-of-fact and debunking. Selections of Hearn's New Orleans writings have been collected and published in several works, starting with Creole Sketches[35] in 1924, and more recently in Inventing New Orleans: Writings of Lafcadio Hearn.[36]
Move to the French West Indies
[edit]
Harper's sent Hearn to the West Indies as a correspondent in 1887. He spent two years in Martinique and in addition to his writings for the magazine, produced two books: Two Years in the French West Indies and Youma, The Story of a West-Indian Slave, both published in 1890.[37][38]
Later life in Japan
[edit]
In 1890, Hearn went to Japan with a commission as a newspaper correspondent, which was quickly terminated. It was in Japan, however, that he found a home and his greatest inspiration. Through the good will of Basil Hall Chamberlain, Hearn gained a teaching position during the summer of 1890 at the Shimane Prefectural Common Middle School and Normal School in Matsue, a town in western Japan on the coast of the Sea of Japan. During his fifteen-month stay in Matsue, Hearn married Koizumi Setsuko, the daughter of a local samurai family, with whom he had four children: Kazuo, Iwao, Kiyoshi, and Suzuko.[39] He became a Japanese citizen, assuming the legal name Koizumi Yakumo in 1896 after accepting a teaching position in Tokyo; Koizumi is his wife's surname and Yakumo is from yakumotatsu, a poetic modifier word (makurakotoba) for Izumo Province, which he translated[40] as "the Place of the Issuing of Clouds". After having been Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and, later on, Spencerian, he became Buddhist.[41]
During late 1891, Hearn obtained another teaching position in Kumamoto, at the Fifth High Middle School (a predecessor of Kumamoto University), where he spent the next three years and completed his book Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan (1894). In October 1894, he secured a journalism job with the English-language newspaper Kobe Chronicle, and in 1896, with some assistance from Chamberlain, he began teaching English literature at Tokyo Imperial University, a job he had until 1903. In 1904, he was a lecturer at Waseda University.
While in Japan, he encountered the art of ju-jutsu which made a deep impression upon him: "Hearn, who encountered judo in Japan at the end of the nineteenth century, contemplated its concepts with the awed tones of an explorer staring about him in an extraordinary and undiscovered land. "What Western brain could have elaborated this strange teaching, never to oppose force by force, but only direct and utilize the power of attack; to overthrow the enemy solely through his own strength, to vanquish him solely by his own efforts? Surely none! The Western mind appears to work in straight lines; the Oriental, in wonderful curves and circles."[42] When he was teaching at the Fifth High Middle School, the