: Stalin Yüzlerce Komünisti Hitler'e Teslim Etti
The Soviet Union's 1936 constitution afforded “the right of asylum to foreign citizens persecuted for defending the interests of the working people.” But Soviet authorities shamefully broke this promise when dealing with hundreds of German and Austrian exiles, [handing them over to the Nazis](https://thereader.mitpress.mit.edu/the-nazi-soviet-pact-a-betrayal- of- communists-by-communists/) from the late 1930s on. The victims included veteran revolutionaries, Jewish communists, and militant anti-fascists. One of the deportees was the German communist Margarete Buber-Neumann. Her memoir, published in 1949 in English with the title _Under Two Dictators: Prisoner of Stalin and Hitler_ , is probably the best-known account by one of the deportees. Buber-Neumann described the moment that Soviet officials transferred her to Nazi custody with twenty-nine others: > At last the train came to a halt, and for the last time we heard the > familiar shout: “Get ready. With things.” The compartment doors were > unlocked . . . a little distance away was a station. We could just see the > name on a nearby signal box: Brest-Litovsk. Buber-Neumann went on to recall watching a group of men from the Soviet secret police — the NKVD, still often referred to by its old name as the GPU — cross the bridge into German territory and return after a while: “There were SS officers with them. The SS commandant and the GPU chief saluted each other.” The Soviet commander began to read out the names of the prisoners: > One of them was a Jewish emigrant from Hungary, another was a young worker > from Dresden, who had been mixed up in a clash with Nazis in 1933 as a > result of which a Nazi had been killed. He had succeeded in escaping to > Soviet Russia. At the trial, the others had put all the blame on him, > knowing, or, rather, thinking, him safe in the Soviet Union. His fate was > certain.