Meksika'nın Sualtı Mağaralarındaki Dalgıçlar Nadiren Görülen Eserlere, Fosillere ve İnsan Kalıntılarına Göz Atıyor

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Yucatán Yarımadası'nın su altı mağaraları, uzak geçmişe açılan bir penceredir. İki milyon yıl ve birden fazla buzul çağı boyunca bu mağaralar dönüşmüştür. Deniz seviyesi yüksek olduğunda mağaralar sular altında kalmış ve erişim alanları genişlemiştir.

Buzul çağlarında deniz seviyesi düştüğü için mağaralar kurumuş ve yüzeyden sızan su, mağaraları sarkıt ve dikitlerle süslemiş, bunlara toplu olarak sarkıtlar denir. Sonra, bir sonraki döngüyle birlikte deniz seviyesi tekrar yükselmiş, mağaraları sular altında bırakmış ve sarkıtları ve her şeyi zaman içinde korumuştur.

Meksika cenotelerinin veya çöküntülerinin eşsiz su altında kalan manzaralarını neredeyse on yıldır dalıyorum, karanlık, sular altında kalan tünellerini keşfediyorum ve sırlarını yakalıyorum. Yucatán Yarımadası'ndaki sığ mağaraların son olarak sular altında kaldığı zaman yaklaşık 8.000 yıl önceydi, bu da bu mağaralarda dalış yapan her kişinin tarih öncesi bir çağa geri döndüğü anlamına geliyor. İçlerinde korunmuş paleontolojik ve arkeolojik kalıntılar yüzeyde parçalanırdı, bu da bu mağaraları mükemmel bir zaman kapsülü haline getiriyor.

Meksika cenotelerinin nasıl oluştuğu

Bu yeraltı dünyası, Meksika'nın kuzey Yucatán Yarımadası'ndaki devasa bir yeraltı akiferi tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Dünyanın en uzun yeraltı nehir sistemlerini yüzeye bağlayan cenoteler aracılığıyla erişilebilir. Burada su nehirler gibi yüzeyde birikmez, bunun yerine gözenekli kireçtaşından emilir ve yeraltı tünellerinde akar. Kan damarlarımızın vücudumuzda yaşamı sürdüren sıvıyı taşıması gibi, bu tüneller de bu bölgedeki tüm yaşamı sürdüren değerli suyu taşır. Cenotelerin Maya tarafından kutsal kabul edilmesi şaşırtıcı değil.

Maya, yaklaşık 4.000 yıl önce Yucatán Yarımadası'nda medeniyetlerini kurdu. Gelişmek için tatlı su kaynağına yakın yerleşmeleri gerekiyordu. Yarımadanın kuzeyindeki tüm büyük yerleşimleri -ünlü Chichén Itzá dahil- cenotelerin yanına inşa edildi. Bölgenin kurak mevsiminde cenoteler tek su kaynağıydı; bu nedenle çöküntüler sadece Maya yaşamının temel bir parçası değil, aynı zamanda yağmur, yaşam, ölüm ve yeniden doğuşla ilgili ibadet ve ritüeller için bir yerdi.

Her Maya d'zonot (cenote kelimesinin geldiği Maya kelimesi), ölümle ilişkilendirilen mistik yeraltı dünyası olan Xibalba'ya giriş yoluydu, burada çeşitli tanrılar ve doğaüstü varlıklar yaşıyordu. Tanrılara ve ölenlere ritüelsel sunuların yapıldığı, yaşayanlar için koruma ve rehberlik aranan, ölümle ilişkilendirilen gizemli ve güçlü bir alemdir. Bu yeraltı dünyasında yaşayan ve koruyucusu olan Chaac, yağmur, bereket ve tarım tanrısıydı. Maya mitolojisinde önemli bir tanrıydı, çünkü yağmur ekinlerin başarılı olması ve topluluğun refahı için hayati önem taşıyordu.

Cenotelerin altında, mağaralarının derinliklerinde, Maya uygarlığından gelen eserler ve insan kalıntıları yüzyıllardır rahatsız edilmeden yatmaktadır ve kaşifler tarafından görülebilir. Ancak bunlar insan varlığının tek göstergeleri değil. Maya bölgeye sadece birkaç bin yıl önce yerleşmiş olsa da, cenotelerde bulunan kanıtlar bölgedeki insan yerleşimlerine 13.000 yıldan daha uzun bir süre önce dayandığını gösteriyor. Bu bulgular, atalarımızın son buzul çağında Sibirya ve Alaska arasındaki Bering Kara Köprüsü üzerinden Amerika'ya ilk olarak ne zaman geçtiğiyle ilgili kabul görmüş fikre meydan okuyor.

Bu eski avcı-toplayıcılar da cenotelere su kaynağı olarak ve muhtemelen barınak olarak da güvenirlerdi. O zamanlar cenoteler çok daha kuruydu, su seviyesi günümüz seviyelerinden yaklaşık 300 fit daha aşağıdaydı. Eski sakinler, suyun ulaşabilmek için mağaralara derinlemesine inmeli ve şu anda nesli tükenmiş olan geç Pleistosen'den devasa tarih öncesi hayvanlarla yolları kesişmeliydi.

Maya eserleri ve insan kalıntılarını bulmak

Sular altında kalan mağaraların karanlığında bir insan kafatasıyla karşılaşmanın yarattığı ham ve derin hissi kelimelerle ifade etmek zor. Bir kafatasını sadece kalıntılar olarak tanımadan çok önce, gölgeden bana bakan bakışını hissedebiliyorum, tarif edilemeyen ürkütücü bir varlık. Özellikle Cenoteler Çemberi bölgesinde, birçok kurbanlık cenote, üst düzey Maya ailelerinin kafataslarını barındırıyor. Süs eşyaları takmak için değiştirilmiş ön dişlerle birlikte, bu kafatasları, fiziksel bir ayrım yaratmak için yapay olarak deforme edilmiş. Üst düzey Maya, çocuklarının kafataslarını şekillendirmek için farklı teknikler kullanarak, eğik bir deformasyon yaratmış, bu da kafalarını ortalama bir Maya'nınkinden daha uzun göstermiş. Bir jaguarın kafasına benzeyen bu şekil, güç sembolüydü. Ayrıca mağara kaşifleri için nadir görülen manzaralar, cenotelerin girişlerine yakın mağara duvarlarında karmaşık Maya resimleridir. Savaşları, hayvanları, tanrıları ve hikayeleri betimleyen bu hazineler, sular altında kaldıktan sonra, zamanla yıkanarak sonsuza dek kaybolabilir.

Maya bölgeye yerleşmeden çok önce, ilk Homo sapiens en az 25.000 yıl önce Bering Kara Köprüsü üzerinden Amerika'ya geçmişti. Güney Amerika'ya doğru ilerlediler ve son buzul çağının sonlarında yaklaşık 13.000 yıl önce Yucatán Yarımadası'na ulaştılar. Orada mağaraları su ve mineral çıkarmak, barınak bulmak ve ölülerini gömmek için kullandılar. Yeryüzünün yüzeyinde bu avcı-toplayıcıların kalıntılarını bulmak genellikle zor olsa da, mağaraların son olarak sular altında kaldığı zamandan önceki erken insan varlığının kanıtları bu mağaralarda korunmuştur. Bu kanıtlar bize erken insanların biyolojisini ve hatta sosyal etkileşimlerini anlamak için ipuçları veriyor.

Sular altında kalan mağaralarda, tünellerde geçitler oluşturmak için kasıtlı olarak kırılmış oluşumlar ve hatta karmaşık mağara labirentlerinde yön bulmak için tünellerin birleşim noktalarına yerleştirilmiş, kaya veya kırık sarkıtlardan yapılmış taş yığınları olan taş yığınları görmek yaygındır. Erken insanlar ayrıca sadece Taş Devri araçlarını ve ateşe hakimiyetlerini kullanarak kayaları kazarak ve kırmızı boya çıkarmışlardır. Kırmızı boyayı kişisel süs eşyaları ve gömme işlemleri için nesneleri süslemek için kullandılar. Ayrıca mağaraları duvarlara yapılan resimlerden heykellere kadar çok sayıda sanat formu ile süslediler. İyi bilinen bir örnek, Cenote Dos Ojos'un girişindeki bir kadının figürüdür; bu şekilde heykeltraşlık yapılmış olmasa da, bir kadının silüetini andıran ve mağara girişini süslemek için kasıtlı olarak bir kaide üzerine sergilenen özenle seçilmiş bir sarkıttır, 8.000 yıldan daha eski paleosanın anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone by anyone 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